Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique in which operations are performed through small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) rather than the larger incisions needed in traditional surgical procedures.

Advanced laparoscopy involves the use of small incisions, typically less than an inch in length, through which specialized instruments equipped with cameras and lights are inserted into the body cavity. The high-definition visuals provided by these cameras allow surgeons to navigate and operate with precision, even in hard-to-reach areas of the body. Carbon dioxide gas is often used to inflate the abdominal cavity, providing space for better visualization and manipulation of internal organs. Laparoscopic techniques are commonly employed in procedures such as cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), appendectomy, hernia repair, and bariatric surgery.

Common Types of Laparoscopic Surgeries

• Cholecystectomy: Removal of the gallbladder.
• Appendectomy: Removal of the appendix.
• Hernia Repair: Fixing hernias, such as inguinal or hiatal hernias.
• Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus.
• Bariatric Surgery: Procedures like gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy for weight loss.
• Nephrectomy: Removal of a kidney.
• Colectomy: Removal of part or all of the colon.

Advantages

• Reduced Pain: Smaller incisions typically lead to less postoperative pain.
• Quicker Recovery: Patients often recover more quickly and spend less time in the hospital.
• Reduced Scarring: Smaller incisions result in smaller, less noticeable scars.
• Lower Risk of Infection: The smaller incisions reduce the risk of wound infections.
• Less Blood Loss: Minimally invasive techniques often result in less intraoperative bleeding.

Risks and Complications

• Infection: Though reduced, there is still a risk of infection.
• Bleeding: There can be internal bleeding.
• Injury to Organs: Accidental damage to internal organs can occur.
• Anesthesia Risks: As with any surgery, there are risks associated with anesthesia.
• Complications from Insufflation: The use of gas to inflate the abdomen can lead to complications like gas embolism.

Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery

• Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Enhanced precision and control with robotic systems like the da Vinci Surgical System.
• Single-Port Laparoscopy: Surgery performed through a single small incision, often in the navel.
• 3D and 4K Imaging: Improved visualization for the surgeon with advanced imaging technologies.